Now most welcome again on www.pharmabasic.blogspot.com

Fine powder(85/120)

A powder all the particle of which pass through the 85 no. sieve (nominal mesh aperture of 180 micrometre) and not more than 40% by weight through a 120 no. sieve(nominal mesh aperture of 125 micrometre)
thanks

Moderately coarse powder(22/60)

A powder all the particles of which pass through a 22 no. Sieve (nominal mesh aperture of 710 micrometre)and not more than 40% by weight through a 60 no. Sieve(nominal mesh aperture of 250 micrometre)
thanx

Coarse powder(10/44)

A powder all the particle of which pass through a 10 no. Sieve(a nominal mesh(openings) aperture of 1700 micrometre) and not more than 40% by weight through a 44 no. Sieve (a nominal mesh(openings) aperture of 355 micrometre)
thanks

Throat paints

Throat paints are simple solutions of substances in a viscous solvents such as glyserin and liquid paraffin.
A viscous solvent retains the medicament in situ for appreciable lenth of time when the preparation is applied.
Throat paints are usually glycerin based. Thanks

Suppositories

Suppositories(pessaris) r solid or semisolid dosage forms,usually medicated for insertion in to body cavitids like rectum,vagina or urethral tract.
They r design to melt,disintegrate or dissolved at the body temperature.
They are use in case when patients suffering from nausea
,vomiting and GIT disturbances.
They have used in local infection in vagina and rectum.
Drugs like hypnotic(diazepam,Nitrazepam)antispasmodics r given as suppositories.
Thanks..

Incompatibility

Incompatibility signifies the problems arising when 2 or more prescribed ingredients results in to undesirable changes in appearance,safety or therapeutic purpose of the product.
Interaction of a drug with another drug or adjuants,dosage errors,omissons etc.also fall under incompatibility.
Thanks

Evaluation of parentral products

Paremtral products r subjected to most strict quality control tests as they r to be injected in to body........1.STERILITY TESTING:test for sterility r intended for deteching the presence of aerobic nd anaerobic viable form of bacteria,fungi nd yeast in pharmaceutical preparations 2:pyrogens testing-pyrogens r the metabolic products of living or the dead microbes which cause a pyretic reaction upon injection.pyretic reaction includes malaise,headache and increased body temperature....NOTE-ALL parentral products must be tested for freedom from pyrogens.Recommended test employs rabbit as the animal b/c it is highly sensitive to pyrogens.LAL TEST is another method...3.CLARITY TESTING:this test are performed to prevent the distribution and use of parentral products which contain particular matter..4.LEAKER TESTING

Route of drug administration(parentral)

Route of administration of drug is defined by the physical and chemical properties,patient characteritics and the rapidity of response desired...........various routes of parentral administration r as follows..1.intradermal route-it is also known as intracutaneous.the drug is injected between the epidermis and the dermis....2.SUBCUTANEOUS ROUTE-DRug injected in to subcutaneous tissue..3.intramuscular route(im).4.intravenous root(Iv)5.Intra-arterial route.6.intracardiac-injection in to the heart chamber.7.intrathecal:injection in to the subarachnoid space surrounding spinal cord which contains CHF. 8.intracisternal:injection into the cistern containing CHF.9.PERIDURAL:injection b/w the duramater and inner aspects of vertebrae.10.intra-articular:injection into joint.11.intrasynovial:injection into a joint fluid area..12.intraperitoneal:injection into peritonium.

Proof spirit

For excise purposes the strenth of alcohol is calculated in terms of proof strenth.in USA 50%(BY VOlume)alcohol is considered to be 100 proof.IN INDIA 57.1 volumes of alcohol is considered to be equal 100 volume of proof spirit. Any strenth above PS is expressed as over proof(o/p) and any strenth below PS expressed as Under proof(u/p).....,PS=proof spirit....thanx

Suture and ligature

These are thread or string specially prepared and sterilized for use in surgical..........A surgical suture is a strand or fibre used to hold wound edges in opposition during healing and the process of applying such a strand is called SUTURING..........WHEN such material ,without a needle is used to stop bleeding by tying of several blood vessels ,the strand is called ligature,and the process is called LIGATING.

BALL MILL OR PEBBLE MILL

These are also k/a tumbling mills.                                                                                                               
Principle-the ball mill works on the principle of impact between the rapidly moving balls and the powder material,both inclosed in a hollow cylinder,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,used for batch operation and suitable for wet and dry grinding process, 

Antidote

An antidote is an agent that counteracts the action of poison,various types of antidotes are classified as follows.1.chemical 2.mechanical antidote 3.physiological antidote....sodium thiosulphate acts as a chemical antidote in case of cynide poisoning.it converts the cyanide into nonpoisonous thiocynate.

Leaker test for Q.c

The leaker test is intend to detect incompletely sealed ampules so that they may be discarded.leakertest usually are detected by producing a negative pressure within an incompletely sealed ampule,usually in a vaccum chamber ,while the ampule is submerged totaly in a coloured dye solution(0.5 to 1%methylene blue solution)

The surgical product are the sterile material used in the healing of wound or dressing of wound....... =many surgical dressing are use to cover wound.if part of epidermis and underlying dermis are lost through the damage.
The skin is then restored by two processes.(1)Repair of the dermis,involving production of fibrous and vascular tissue (granulation),followed by (2)migration of epidermal cells,from the edges of the wound,to cover the granulation tissue...

Parentral

(par-beyond,enteral-intestinal)this refers to administration by injection which takes the drug directly in to tissue fluid or blood without having to cross the intestinal mucosa.......e.g insulin by diabetics

Gargles

Gargles are aqueous solutions for pharynx and nasopharynx intented to be used after dilution with warm water. Aspirin suspension is some time used as a gargle and swallowed afterwards.GArgle are intented to bring the medicament into contact with the mucous surface of the throat.contact period of gargle is short so it should 'fast acting'.phenol,potassium chlorate are official in B.P

Clotting factors....

CLOTTING Factors;-1.fibrinogen2.prothrombin3.tissue thromboplastin4.ionized calcium5.labile factor6.unassigned7.stable factor8.antihomophillib factor9.christmas factor10.stuart factor11.plasma thrmboplastin antecedent12.hageman factor13.fibrinstablising factor:-(

Filtration

Filtration is a unit operation by which solid particles are removed from a fluid by passing the mixture through a porous,fibrous medium.FILTER MEDIA are the porous devices which retain solids by mechanical separation and allow liquid to pass through..

Tablet

Tablet are solid unit dosage form containing a medicament or mixture of medicament and excipients compressed or mould in to solid cylindrical shape having either flat or convex surface.

Proprietary(brand) name

It is the name assigned by the manufacturer(s) and is his property or trade mark.one drug may have multiple proprietary names .eg.altol,aten,atecor and lonol for atenolol from different manufacturers. Brandnames are designed to be catchy,short,easy to remembes and ofen suggestive eg. lopresor suggesting drug for lowering b.p example timolol maleate eye drops are marketed as timoptic
in usa but as glucomal in india..

Human anatomy

Human anatomy is the branch of biomedical science dealing with normal structure,shape,size and location of various parts of body.the study of anatomy with unaided eye is called gross anatomy whereas,study of various parts studied under the microscope is histology.

Anti-oxidents

Antioxidants prevent oxidation of oxygen sensitive substances.they protect the drug product by acting as reducing agent and getting prefentially oxidised or by blocking an oxidative chain reaction. ....ex-ascorbic acid,sodium bisulphite,and thiourea.

Pharmacognosy definition

IT is derived from greek words viz.pharmacon(a drug) and Gignosco(to acquire the knowledge of).it may be defined as a branch of bioscience which treats in detail medicinal and related products of crude or primary type obtained from plant,animal and mineral origins.

Spirits

Spirits or essences consists of alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions of volatile solutions of volatile substances.brandy and whisky were the first spirits.eg.aromatic ammonia spirit contains 64 to 70%v/v of alcohol.

Extraction process

It may be defined as the process of removal of desirable soluble components from a substances.

Toxoids

Many pathogenic organisms produce toxic substances as a by product of their metabolism,called toxins.toxoids r produced from exotoxins.

Pharmacodynamics

(greek:dynamics-power)~what the drug does to body.its includes physiological and biochemical effect of drugs and their mechanism of organ.e.g adrenaline:->cardiac stimulation

(greek:dynamics-power)~what the drug dose to body.its includes physiological and biochemical effect of drugs and their mechanism of organ.e.g adrenaline:->cardiac stimulation

pharmacy _definition

pharmacy is the art and science of compounding and dispensing or preparing suitable dosage forms for administration of drugs to man or animal.it includes collection ,identification,purification,isolation,synthesis and QC of medicinal substances.