Evaluation of parentral products

Paremtral products r subjected to most strict quality control tests as they r to be injected in to body........1.STERILITY TESTING:test for sterility r intended for deteching the presence of aerobic nd anaerobic viable form of bacteria,fungi nd yeast in pharmaceutical preparations 2:pyrogens testing-pyrogens r the metabolic products of living or the dead microbes which cause a pyretic reaction upon injection.pyretic reaction includes malaise,headache and increased body temperature....NOTE-ALL parentral products must be tested for freedom from pyrogens.Recommended test employs rabbit as the animal b/c it is highly sensitive to pyrogens.LAL TEST is another method...3.CLARITY TESTING:this test are performed to prevent the distribution and use of parentral products which contain particular matter..4.LEAKER TESTING

Route of drug administration(parentral)

Route of administration of drug is defined by the physical and chemical properties,patient characteritics and the rapidity of response desired...........various routes of parentral administration r as follows..1.intradermal route-it is also known as intracutaneous.the drug is injected between the epidermis and the dermis....2.SUBCUTANEOUS ROUTE-DRug injected in to subcutaneous tissue..3.intramuscular route(im).4.intravenous root(Iv)5.Intra-arterial route.6.intracardiac-injection in to the heart chamber.7.intrathecal:injection in to the subarachnoid space surrounding spinal cord which contains CHF. 8.intracisternal:injection into the cistern containing CHF.9.PERIDURAL:injection b/w the duramater and inner aspects of vertebrae.10.intra-articular:injection into joint.11.intrasynovial:injection into a joint fluid area..12.intraperitoneal:injection into peritonium.

Proof spirit

For excise purposes the strenth of alcohol is calculated in terms of proof strenth.in USA 50%(BY VOlume)alcohol is considered to be 100 proof.IN INDIA 57.1 volumes of alcohol is considered to be equal 100 volume of proof spirit. Any strenth above PS is expressed as over proof(o/p) and any strenth below PS expressed as Under proof(u/p).....,PS=proof spirit....thanx

Suture and ligature

These are thread or string specially prepared and sterilized for use in surgical..........A surgical suture is a strand or fibre used to hold wound edges in opposition during healing and the process of applying such a strand is called SUTURING..........WHEN such material ,without a needle is used to stop bleeding by tying of several blood vessels ,the strand is called ligature,and the process is called LIGATING.

BALL MILL OR PEBBLE MILL

These are also k/a tumbling mills.                                                                                                               
Principle-the ball mill works on the principle of impact between the rapidly moving balls and the powder material,both inclosed in a hollow cylinder,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,used for batch operation and suitable for wet and dry grinding process, 

Antidote

An antidote is an agent that counteracts the action of poison,various types of antidotes are classified as follows.1.chemical 2.mechanical antidote 3.physiological antidote....sodium thiosulphate acts as a chemical antidote in case of cynide poisoning.it converts the cyanide into nonpoisonous thiocynate.

Leaker test for Q.c

The leaker test is intend to detect incompletely sealed ampules so that they may be discarded.leakertest usually are detected by producing a negative pressure within an incompletely sealed ampule,usually in a vaccum chamber ,while the ampule is submerged totaly in a coloured dye solution(0.5 to 1%methylene blue solution)

The surgical product are the sterile material used in the healing of wound or dressing of wound....... =many surgical dressing are use to cover wound.if part of epidermis and underlying dermis are lost through the damage.
The skin is then restored by two processes.(1)Repair of the dermis,involving production of fibrous and vascular tissue (granulation),followed by (2)migration of epidermal cells,from the edges of the wound,to cover the granulation tissue...

Parentral

(par-beyond,enteral-intestinal)this refers to administration by injection which takes the drug directly in to tissue fluid or blood without having to cross the intestinal mucosa.......e.g insulin by diabetics

Gargles

Gargles are aqueous solutions for pharynx and nasopharynx intented to be used after dilution with warm water. Aspirin suspension is some time used as a gargle and swallowed afterwards.GArgle are intented to bring the medicament into contact with the mucous surface of the throat.contact period of gargle is short so it should 'fast acting'.phenol,potassium chlorate are official in B.P

Clotting factors....

CLOTTING Factors;-1.fibrinogen2.prothrombin3.tissue thromboplastin4.ionized calcium5.labile factor6.unassigned7.stable factor8.antihomophillib factor9.christmas factor10.stuart factor11.plasma thrmboplastin antecedent12.hageman factor13.fibrinstablising factor:-(

Filtration

Filtration is a unit operation by which solid particles are removed from a fluid by passing the mixture through a porous,fibrous medium.FILTER MEDIA are the porous devices which retain solids by mechanical separation and allow liquid to pass through..

Tablet

Tablet are solid unit dosage form containing a medicament or mixture of medicament and excipients compressed or mould in to solid cylindrical shape having either flat or convex surface.

Proprietary(brand) name

It is the name assigned by the manufacturer(s) and is his property or trade mark.one drug may have multiple proprietary names .eg.altol,aten,atecor and lonol for atenolol from different manufacturers. Brandnames are designed to be catchy,short,easy to remembes and ofen suggestive eg. lopresor suggesting drug for lowering b.p example timolol maleate eye drops are marketed as timoptic
in usa but as glucomal in india..